Welcome to Cambridge
This Course webpage has been designed to provide you with essential information about the MSt in Applied Criminology and Police Management (Degree Apprenticeship), which can be accessed by clicking on the tabs below.
Director of the Police Executive Programme: |
Dr Peter Neyroud | |
Deputy Director of the Police Executive Programme: |
Dr Matt Bland |
2023 Dates
Year One:
Block A |
Monday 27 March - Thursday 6 April 2023 |
Block B |
Monday 3 July - Friday 14 July 2023 |
Block C |
Monday 4 September - Friday 15 September 2023 |
Year Two:
Block D |
Monday 3 April - Friday 14 April 2023 |
Block E |
Monday 10 July - Friday 21 July 2023 |
Block F |
Monday 11 September - Friday 22 September 2023 |
Fees - 2023
All Apprenticeship costs must be covered by the employer. Levy-paying employers can pay for part of the cost (up to the maximum funding band of £14,000) using their apprenticeship levy.
The total charge for this course is £25,400 which consists of:
Apprenticeship Force Contribution | £11,400 | The standard employer contribution will be an additional £11,400 for the course over two years (£5700 per year) above the amount allowed to be drawn from the Levy. |
Apprenticeship Levy Component | £14,000 | |
Total Charge | £25,400 * |
* The £25,400 covers the University composition fee ( (£15,000) and Extra costs of £10,400 which include; mandatory residential teaching blocks and other supplementary costs, and the end point assessment (EPA). Where reassessment or retakes are required, the employer will also be liable for these costs.
The total Apprenticeship costs cover:
- Course teaching
- Course materials
- Supervisory support and mentoring
- Residential costs
- End point assessment (EPA)
How to Apply
Applications close Friday 13 January, 2023
Prior Course Director Professor Lawrence Sherman congratulates the Institute’s first Senior Leadership apprentice cohort:
"The Institute accepted its first cohort of Senior Leadership apprentices in Spring 2019. Despite all the pressures and severe disruption caused by COVID, the cohort have now almost all completed their final End Point Assessments. The programme was designed in 2018 to develop senior leaders in policing and law enforcement through a combination of supported learning in the work place and the MSt Police Executive Programme. We drew on the best of our research and knowledge of the field together with the strengths of our supervisor team, which includes former Chief Constables as well as our academic team. Along the way we had to support our apprentices through two lockdowns, huge operational pressures and disruption. Despite this, our apprentices have produced world class applied research on hotspots, call management, terrorism and many more key areas of policing, all working to the needs defined by their policing agencies. End Point assessment has required them all to produce a portfolio of evidence to support their claim to meet the senior leadership standard and a workplace project - often linked to their thesis work. With almost all the EPA results in, Professor Sherman congratulated the cohort on a spectacular set of results - 17 distinctions, 16 merits and 3 passes. “We are very proud of our first apprentice cohort. We know that they have the knowledge and skills to make a critical contribution to the development of policing at a very challenging time for policing”. "
An overview of evidence-based policing and why it matters for police leadership
Professor Lawrence Sherman's August Vollmer Lecture 2022
(Lecture starts at 3 mins 20 sec)
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine: Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Workshop #1 (Public Session 1)
- Professor Lawrence Sherman introduction: starts 10 mins 50 secs.
- Dr Peter Neyroud workshop presentation: starts at 22 mins 08 secs.
The SLA in Applied Criminology and Police Management – the “Police Executive Programme” - offers a globally relevant framework for preserving and enhancing democratic policing in the face of international challenges through developing senior leaders in policing, law enforcement and associated organisations.
It is designed to provide education and development for senior police leaders and senior leaders in partner agencies in the study of crime and crime-related issues with a strong emphasis on evidence-based policy and practice.
Our commitment is to precision in targeting, testing and tracking police intrusions on public liberty using the best empirical and statistical evidence available provides a key tool for the kind of public “dialogic” strategy for maintaining police legitimacy and sustaining the rule of law developed at Cambridge. Our theoretical and empirical development of the concept of residual general deterrence provides the basis for refuting claims that police can be abolished without major increases in violent crime.
For over 100 mid-career students enrolled each year on our part-time graduate courses - all police leaders or analysts from around the world - the Cambridge program offers an intellectual foundation for both police reform and public support.
The Cambridge course offers four intellectual pillars for police leaders:
1) Matching police interventions with proportionately harmful risks.
2) Measuring harm systematically with a Crime Harm Index.
3) Deciding how to make decisions using the “Triple-T” of targeting, testing & tracking as the basis of achieving a fourth “T” of Transformation, and
4) Professionalizing police practice through the training of pracademics (Practitioner-academics) who will create, apply and promote the use of research to provide better evidence for decision-making and to deliver better management and leadership of their agencies.
These pillars frame our commitment to democratic policing, sustaining the rule of law, safeguarding and protecting the vulnerable and prevent.
The SLA Course
The SLA course supports students to learn through continuing professional development, collaborative study, small group discussions and critical thinking. Apprentice senior leaders are encouraged to reflect on, review and analyse past, current and future practice.
The SLA is a two-year course with the Master of Studies degree as the key step towards qualification and the Gateway to End Point Assessment.
Year One comprises three formal residential blocks in Cambridge. The coursework covered in this year via lectures, one-on-one supervision, group work and readings, comprises criminological theory and research methods, leading implementation, and evidence-based policing, which is the conceptual framework of the course. Between the Blocks, the supervisors work with the apprentices and their mentors to support the translation of the learning into the workplace and the development of the apprentices’ Knowledge, Skills and Behaviours to meet the SLA standard.
The curriculum is updated on an annual basis to take account of current issues and developing research. Year One is assessed by three essays covering the taught material and readings. It is necessary to complete Year One satisfactorily before proceeding to Year Two. Year One marks are carried forward towards the M.St. degree along with the second-year units of assessment.
In Year Two there are three more residential blocks of study in Cambridge. Year Two builds on the first year but is focused on the 18,000-word thesis, which is focused on a topic from the apprentice’s workplace, using data from their organisation and sponsored at a senior level. The thesis topic is developed into a detailed research contract in discussion between each individual student and the Course. It is then developed under the guidance of the assigned supervisor.
Mapping Police Executive Course to the SLA standard
The course is mapped to the SLA Knowledge, Skills and Behaviours as delivered, and the apprentices are provided with a spreadsheet that maps every delivered element for their portfolios.
Group Projects, EBP Conference and Presentations
For each Block of teaching in the first year there is a group project or group exercise:
Block A: | The students are divided into teams to develop a proposal to a Chief Officer to target a range of crimes and problems and present it back to a plenary session of the faculty and students. |
Block B: | Experiment’s masterclass, in which groups of students design one of six experiments, complete a template for the design and feed back to the plenary on the key issues that they identify. |
Block C: | The students are divided into two teams for a debate: all are involved in either researching or debating. The debate iss judged by the staff and the Director of Research from the College of Policing. |
In addition to the group work, all the apprentices were required to attend the Cambridge Evidence-based policing seminar which provided two and half days of presentations and discussions about new evidence and research in policing.
In the second year, the focus is on building up to the thesis and EPA. For most apprentices, in consultation with their employer, their thesis work will translate into a workplace project which provides a costed implemention plan for the findings, which are then presented to the organisation. This ensures that the detailed and, in most cases, ground-breaking work done by the apprentices, is presented to their employers (and in many cases, through the National Police Chiefs Council and College of Policing, to the wider policing and law enforcement community) as a realistic and costed proposal for action.
In Block D, the apprentices present their research proposals to a group of other apprentices researching similar topics or using similar designs. At Block E, they all make an initial presentation of their research to their supervisor and other faculty members and then, in Block F, they make a formal, assessed presentation to a panel of the faculty, followed by 30 minutes of structured feedback designed to improve the research and its application before the apprentices complete a final draft for their supervisors prior to submission.
What are the distinctive features of the programme?
The SLA apprenticeship in Applied Criminology and Police Management has been designed and developed specifically for senior leaders in policing and law enforcement. The design of the course has drawn on more than 25 year’s experience of delivering programmes for senior police leaders at Masters level within an Institute that was specifically set up by the Home Secretary in 1959 to provide education on the best science in the field to practitioners and leaders in criminal justice.
The course is run in parallel with the MSt for international police leaders: the 2022 cohort will have senior police leaders from West and East Africa, the Middle East, North America, Australasia and Europe. The course team also deliver lectures and senior leadership programmes for senior police leaders in India. The team are also leaders in the international research on policing in areas ranging from evidence-based and experimental policing, community policing, police leadership, police-led diversion, crime harm indices to organised crime, systematic reviews on preventing terrorism and radicalisation, the Rule of Law and Legitimacy.
The course team is also, uniquely, composed of both former Police Chiefs (with Masters and PhD level qualification) and academics (all with PhD qualifications). Taken together this programme offers globally leading knowledge, delivered by internationally recognised leaders in police research at one of the world’s top 5 Universities.
Two examples of our globally leading research are linked below:
We place a high value on encouraging the apprentices to publish their research in open access, peer reviewed journals to ensure that their research is available to the wider, global profession in policing and law enforcement. Faculty members are Editors of two of the main journals in the field: the Cambridge Journal of Evidence-based policing and the Oxford Journal of Policing. Apprentice research is also frequently highlighted by the College of Policing on their Register of Police Research.
The course team commissioned CMI to map the proposed course in 2018, and to review the mapping in 2021, to include mapping against the revised SLA standard. That process of mapping against the standard(s) continues throughout the delivery of each cohort and all apprentices are provided with a mapped spreadsheet of the programme as delivered to use as part of their portfolio.
The programme has an Advisory Board, which has senior national leaders from the National Police Chiefs Council, College of Policing and police forces whose apprentices are on the programme. The Board also has international representatives from countries such as Sweden, Denmark, India, New Zealand, Canada and Australia, who provide a critical global perspective on the development of police leadership. The Advisory Board normally meets in person (a process disrupted by the pandemic) at the beginning of the Evidence-based Policing conference which is a key part of Block B and provides an opportunity for police leaders to listen to the research carried out by the apprentices and provides a show case of the best of that work for current apprentices.
In addition to the Advisory Board, the programme team convene a regular employer engagement meeting. For the last two years this has been carried out online. The engagement meeting tends to be attended by apprentice leads from the HR function in the employer organisations, whereas attendance at the EBP conference and Advisory Board is at more senior sponsor (Chief Officer) level. Both levels are important for employer engagement: the senior sponsors are important for the approval of thesis research and workplace projects, as well as for the design and focus of the programme; the HR SPOC’s (Single Point of Contact) more important for the management of commitment statements and administration of the process of the apprenticeship, including the Gateway decisions for EPA.
All apprentices have an appointed supervisor throughout the programme. For their first year the supervisors all have significant senior policing experience as Chief Officers. The second-year supervisors are all PhD qualified academics or practitioners (qualified at Masters or PhD). For the second year, the supervisors are matched to the topics and the research designs to ensure that the apprentices receive the best possible support for their thesis. For both first- and second-year supervisors the support provided includes both guidance on the programme, including support on the essays and thesis work, as well as support for development against the KSB standard(s) in conjunction with the mentor (appointed by the employer). Supervisors provide face to face, one to one and small group supervision meetings in the two week Blocks as well as online supervision and Apprentice Progress review meetings (with the mentor) between the Blocks.
There are timetabled sessions on the apprenticeship – particularly the apprentices’ obligations and support, the KSBs and the End Point Assessment process – during each Block, with an increasing emphasis on support for the Portfolio and EPA process in the Second Year. The Apprentice Director and other members of the programme team are also qualified as Independent Apprentice Assessors (for CMI) and provide sessions on both portfolio and project completion as well as on navigating the Live Assessment Day successfully.
The Institute of Criminology provides a range of support for every apprentice:
- Administrative support for their application process and their journey through the programme;
- IT support to enable them to access the University systems, particularly the Moodle for presentations, reading lists and guidance;
- Library support in one of the world’s best library systems (both the Institute and University Library);
- Mental health support;
- Support, through the University for any learning or other disabilities;
- Safeguarding support (in partnership with ICE).
- Support via the University's Accessibility and Disability Resource Centre (see below)
Accessibility and Disability Resource Centre
A disability is a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities.
If you have a disability, the University’s Accessibility and Disability Resource Centre (ADRC) is on hand to ensure that you receive appropriate support in your studies. We encourage our students to share information about their disabilities or broader specific learning needs with supervisors, or our Course Director, but you can also disclose a disability through the ADRC by completing the online form. The ADRC can help set up a range of support to help with your disability during you time studying with us, including formal assessments, allocating you a disabilities adviser, enabling the recording of lectures, and helping you with assistant technology.
Apprentices are also members of one of three Colleges: Wolfson, Selwyn and Fitzwilliam, and enjoy College membership which provides Tutor support and support for their learning from the College libraries, summer school and other resources.
Teaching Staff
Dr Peter Neyroud C.B.E., QPM, is Director of the Cambridge Police Executive Programme. He is a former Chief Constable of one of the largest UK forces, Thames Valley (2002-7) and founding Chief Constable of the National Policing Improvement Agency (2007-2011), which he recommended in an Independent Report commissioned by the Home Secretary be converted into the current College of Policing. From 2011-2014 he was the Director of the Birmingham Turning Point Project, a randomised controlled trial testing the effect of deferred prosecutions on 400 first offenders randomly assigned to be offered immediate rehabilitation programs within hours of arrest, or to standard prosecution. He completed his PhD at the Cambridge Institute of Criminology in 2017. He is the Co-Chair of the Campbell Collaboration Coordinating Group on Crime and Justice. |
Dr Matthew Bland is an Associate Professor in Evidence Based Policing and Fellow of the Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology. He is also the Deputy Director of the Cambridge Police Executive Programme. He has published books on crime analysis, experimental research designs and domestic abuse and is actively engaged in a variety of research projects. He is the Trial Director for the Ministry of Justice’s domestic abuse polygraph pilot and was appointed by the Policing Minister to be the Independent Chairperson for the Technical Reference Group responsible for revising the police funding allocation formula. Until 2018 he was Head of Strategic Analysis for Norfolk and Suffolk Constabularies, and worked as a police staff member for 15 years. Dr Bland gained his PhD from the University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology and is a former graduate of the Police Executive Programme. Forecasting, domestic abuse and analysis of police recorded crime are among his research interests. |
Professor Lawrence Sherman is Emeritus Wolfson Professor of Criminology. He earned his PhD from Yale University, and has been awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Stockholm and Denison University. His research interests are in the fields of crime prevention, evidence-based policy, restorative justice, police practices and experimental criminology. He has conducted field experiments, for example, on finding more effective ways to reduce homicide, gun violence, domestic violence, robbery, burglary, and other crime problems, in collaboration with such agencies as the Metropolitan, Northumbria and Thames Valley Police, London’s Crown Courts, HM Prisons, the Crown Prosecution Service, the Youth Justice Board of England and Wales, and the National Probation Service, as well as 30 US police agencies and the Australian Federal Police. Professor Sherman has served as president of the American Society of Criminology, the International Society of Criminology, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the Academy of Experimental Criminology. He has worked on several projects of the (US) National Academy of Sciences, and as a consultant to the FBI, the (UK) Home Office and Youth Justice Board, the Swedish Ministry of Justice, the (US) National Institute of Justice, the New York City Police Department, the National Police Agency of Japan, the Korean Institute of Criminology, the Justice Ministry of Lower Saxony, and many other agencies. The author, co-author or editor of 9 books and over 100 book chapters and journal articles, Professor Sherman has received the American Society of Criminology's Edwin Sutherland Award; the Academy of Experimental Criminology’s Joan McCord Award; the American Sociological Association's Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Crime, Law and Deviance; the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences’ Bruce Smith Jr. Award; and the Campbell Collaboration's Robert Boruch Award. Professor Sherman has also received the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the Royal Society for the Arts in London and is the founding co-chair of the International Jury for the Stockholm Prize in Criminology. |
Dr Heather Strang is Director of the Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology at the Institute of Criminology and was previously Director of the Police Executive Programme. Internationally recognized for her British and Australian experiments in police-led restorative justice conferences, she was Director of the Centre for Restorative Justice at the Australian National University, where she gained her PhD in Criminology. Prior to that she was Executive Research Officer at the Australian Institute of Criminology, where she founded the Australian national reporting system for homicide after serving on the research staff of the Australian National Committee on Violence. Her research interests include the effects of crime and justice on victims of crime, the diversion of cases from prosecution to alternative disposals, restorative justice conferences as both a supplement to and diversion from prosecution, police responses to domestic violence, and the management of randomized controlled experiments in criminology. Elected a Fellow of the Academy of Experimental Criminology in 2002, she was a member of the Scientific Commission of the International Society of Criminology from 2006 to 2012. In recent years she has been invited to lecture on her research by universities, learned societies and governments in Japan, Colombia, Norway, Uruguay, Sweden, USA, Turkey, Israel, Ireland, Scotland, Belgium and Spain. In 2019 she was elected President of the Academy of Experimental Criminology. |
Dr Barak Ariel is a Reader in Experimental Criminology and a Fellow of the Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology. He has been teaching and supervising students on the Police Executive Course since 2009. Dr Ariel is involved in evaluation research projects with a large number of criminal justice agencies around the world. He is the Chair of the Division of Experimental Criminology and an Executive Board Member of the Division of Policing of the American Society of Criminology; and also the Chair of the Institute of Criminology's Ethics Committee. Professor Ariel has published more than 100 papers in leading journals, on various topics, including body worn videos (BWCs), crime hotspot, police legitimacy, counterterrorism, deterrence and technology in policing. |
Sir Denis O’Connor C.B.E QPM is a lecturer and advisor at the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University and College Research Associate at Wolfson College. He is an Independent Non-Executive Director of the Board of the College of Policing. He was Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Constabulary between 2009-12. Prior to joining the Inspectorate in 2004, he was Chief Constable of Surrey between 2000 and 2004 where he led the piloting of the National Reassurance Policing Programme, the pre-cursor to Neighborhood Policing. At the Inspectorate his team provided support to the Olympics Programme in testing the Olympic assurance process. He introduced Value for Money profiles for all police forces in England and Wales in 2008/9 to assist comparisons to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness during austerity. This was followed by a series of studies to track police availability (2010) and the preparedness of police forces and authorities for the austerity spending period (2011, 2012); police relationships with the media and other parties (2011). He also contributed to the Scarman Inquiry (1981, the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (1999), and the Leveson Inquiry (2012). He received the Queens Police Medal for distinguished service in 1996, CBE in 2002, and knighted in 2010. Sir Denis has a Bachelor’s degree in Education from Southampton University and an MSc in Social Policy from the Cranfield Institute of Technology. In 2011 he was awarded a place in George Mason University’s ‘Evidence-Based Policing Hall of Fame’. He received an Honorary Doctorate in Laws from Wolverhampton University in 2012. |
Suzette Davenport QPM served for over 31 years in policing in five different forces. Her service started with West Mercia Police and she retired as the Chief Constable of Gloucestershire in 2017. In addition to her force roles Suzette was the police lead for Roads Policing during which time she established transparent and accountable governance arrangements for the National Driver Re-offending Scheme. She remains the chair of the wholly owned stranding subsidiary, UKROEd as a non-executive director, qualifying as a Chartered Director in 2017. She is a Fellow of the Cambridge Centre for Evidenced-Based Policing and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Gloucestershire. She holds an MBA. |
Debbie Simpson QPM began her career in Bedfordshire Police in 1984 where she remained for the next 24 years working predominantly within the detective arena. She transferred to Devon and Cornwall as Assistant Chief Constable for Crime and Operations before transferring to Dorset. In 2012 she became Chief Constable until retiring in 2018. Within Dorset, she led an ambitious collaboration programme alongside local and regional approaches to austerity, whilst building capability within the region as the Chief Constable lead for serious and organised crime. Debbie worked to transform how forensic services were provided across law enforcement; she also led the UK approach to Disaster Victim Identification for ten years and was responsible for overseeing many international deployments. Debbie was a Co-Director for SPNAC, fast-track and direct entry and was also the Director for the Strategic Command Course for her final two years of service. She holds an MBA and is an alumna of Wolfson College having attended the Wolfson Course in 1999. |
Chris Sims O.B.E. QPM began his career in the Metropolitan Police in 1980 and was Chief Constable of Staffordshire Police before retiring as Chief Constable of West Midlands Police in 2016. He led work in the fields of forensic science, counter terrorism and the national response to austerity. At the West Midlands Police he constructed a transformation programme to reset policing delivery and introduce new technology that involved a unique relationship with the private sector. He is currently Policing Advisor to the Home Office Biometrics Programme with a particular interest in Facial Recognition. In 2013 he was awarded the Peel Medal for his contribution to evidence based policing. He is a graduate of St Peters College Oxford and holds an MBA from Warwickshire University. |
Crispian Strachan C.B.E. QPM, DL studied law at Oxford University and Criminology at Sheffield University (MA). He served in the Metropolitan Police from 1972 until 1993, undertaking a wide range of operational duties as well as Royalty and Diplomatic Protection, hostage negotiation and secondments to the National Audit Office and the internal force inspectorate. He was Assistant Chief Constable in Strathclyde Police until 1998, mainly responsible for community relations and complaints against the police. He was Chief Constable of Northumbria Police from 1998-2005, when he retired. He held two national police portfolios, for Research and Development and for the Constitutional and Legal Definition of the (Chief) Constable. He is also currently a non-executive director of Restorative Solutions CIC, a not-for-profit company. |
Dr Jacqueline Sebire is the Assistant Chief Constable for Joint Protective Services for Bedfordshire Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire. She oversees specialist operations, major crime and forensic services across the three counties. The majority of her service was as a detective in homicide and serious crime investigations in the Metropolitan Police. She was the senior investigating officer for a number of high profile cases including the ‘Spy in the bag’ case and the conviction of Britain’s youngest hit man. Jacqueline has a PhD in Forensic Psychology and has been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Cambridge since 2016. She has published a number of articles in relation to domestic abuse and risk management and lectured nationally and internationally on her research. She is a member of the European Union Cooperation in Science and Technology Working Group on Femicide prevention. She has also advised the Police Service of Trinidad and Tobago on best practice in Homicide Investigation. In March 2019/2021 was invited to speak at the United Nations, New York, Commission on the Status of Women regarding community cohesion and women’s access to justice. Jacqueline is the National Police Chief’s Council Serious Violence Co-ordinator and has worked extensively with the Government regarding legislation change, funding and multiagency prevention strategies. Her primary focus has been the provision of support and opportunity for young people. Jacqueline has extensive media experience. She has been a co-host of the TV series “Born to Kill; A Class of Their Own” and is the Bedfordshire Police lead for Garden Productions’ “24 hours in Police Custody” series. |
David Shaw QPM was a police officer for 36 years starting in West Midlands Police. He served in a wide variety of roles culminating in the rank of Assistant Chief Constable responsible for Crime and Counter Terrorism. In 2008 he transferred to West Mercia Police as Deputy Chief Constable and concluded his police service after 5 years as Chief Constable. David held two national policing roles: Conflict Management which included public order, police use of firearms, non-lethal weapons, mounted, dogs and police use of force and was the lead for Fingerprints and Forensic Databases. He now acts as a consultant to the Home Office supporting police technology programmes and innovation and is an Associate of CityForum which specialises in public policy and in particular policing, justice and security. These roles enables him to remain very current and complement his role as a Cambridge MSt supervisor. |
Dr Sara Valdebenito joined the Mst academic team at Cambridge in 2021. Her research focuses on quantitative studies to understand the drivers, consequences and effective interventions to reduce violence in different social contexts such as the family, schools and communities in the UK and other developing countries. A second area of focus is on algorithmic risk assessment of violent behaviour. She have tested machine learning algorithms for predicting reoffending among UK and United States probationers. |
Dr Vincent Harinam completed his BA and MA at the University of Toronto, and his PhD at the University of Cambridge. He currently works as a data scientist and law enforcement consultant. Vincent’s current research interests lie predominantly in cybercrime, computational criminology, and statistical modelling; however, he often dabbles in spatial crime analysis, organized crime, and complex networks. |
- Research undertaken by MSt in Applied Criminology and Police Management students demonstrates that just 15-minutes a day on foot patrol reduces serious violence in crime 'hot spots'.
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Bedford Police: Bland, M., Leggetter, M. Cestaro, D., & Sebire, J. (2021) Fifteen Minutes per Day Keeps the Violence Away: a Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial on the Impact of Foot Patrols on Serious Violence in Large Hot Spot Areas. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 5, p.93-118
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Essex Police: Basford, L., Sims, C., Agar, I., Harinam, V., & Strang, H. (2021) Effects of One-a-Day Foot Patrols on Hot Spots of Serious Violence and Crime Harm: a Randomised Crossover Trial. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 5, p.119-133